Association Football and B Essay Example for Free

Association Football and B Essay Introduction Soccer is the worlds most popular sport. It is the national sport of most European and Latin-American countries, and of many other nations. Millions of people in more than 140 countries play soccer. The World Cup is held every four years. Soccer is one of the most famous international sports. Soccer is known world wide and is played in the Olympics. In a soccer game there are two teams of 11 players who try to score a point by kicking a ball into the opponents net. Soccer is played on a rectangular field with a net on each short side of the field. All players must hit the ball with their feet or body and only the goalie is allowed to touch the ball with his/her hands. There are many things you can do to condition yourself to play. Soccer the way we play it came from England in the 1800s. Soccer was not that popular until the mid-1900s. Today soccer is very popular and it is one of the nations fastest-growing sports. There are many exercises and drills you can do to improve how you play soccer. There is also many physical conditioning that players can do. Soccer can help you stay fit and healthy. Many people can play soccer and benefit from it. Soccer is very fun and a great recreational sport. History of the Activity Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 BC. In about 200 AD the Romans played a game in which two teams tried to score by advancing a ball across a line on the field. The Romans passed the ball to one another but they never kicked it. London children in about 1100 played a form of soccer in the streets. During the 1800s the people of England played a game similar to soccer. Many rules changed and each person interpreted the rules differently. In 1848 a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the first of soccer rules. In 1863 English soccer clubs founded the Football Association. By the late 1800s soccer began to spread to the rest of the world. The Canadian Soccer Association was established in 1912 while the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913. The first World Cup Championship was in Montevideo, Uruguay. Since then it has been played every four years except during WWII. During the 1970s soccer grew to be a very popular spectator sport as well as participant sport. A soccer game begins with a kickoff in the center of the field. A coin is flipped to decide which team will kickoff. The other team kicks off at the start of the second half when the teams switch sides or nets. After a team scores the other team gets to kickoff to begin again. The kickoff takes place in the middle of the field. When the ball is kicked it must travel the circumference of the ball and touch another player before the kicker can touch the ball again. After the ball is in play it remains in play unless it crosses a goal line or a touch line. All players attempt to stop the ball from coming in their zone while at the same time trying to score a goal. A player may kick the ball into the net with any part of the body except the hands and arms. If the ball goes out of bounds the play is restarted with a corner kick, a goal kick, or a throw-in. The referee decides what type to use. If the ball crosses the goal line and the defensive team touched it last then there is a corner kick by the offense. If the offense touches the ball last and crosses the goal line then it is a goal kick. A throw in happens when the ball crosses the touch line. When it crosses the touch line the team that did not touch it last throws the ball in bounds. The ball is thrown over their head with two hands. Fouls are called when a player does not obey the rules and acts unsportsman-like. When a foul is called the opposite team receives either a penalty kick, a direct free kick or and indirect free kick. Physical Conditioning There are many exercises that people can do to improve in soccer. Exercises that strengthen your legs and improve flexibility are ideal. Physical conditioning is important if you plan on being good at soccer. Here are five exercises that are ideal for soccer: Running: running helps to improve cardiovascular fitness. In soccer there is lots of running for the ball so endurance and a speed is a must. Leg Stretches: using weights can help strengthen the legs. Using weights makes you kick harder and makes the ball travel farther, as a result you become a better player. Leg Machines: exercising all muscles in the leg makes you kick harder and prevents injury when you are diving all over for the ball. The strong muscles help prevent injuries. Stretching: stretching allows you to be more flexible. Sometimes soccer players need to kick the ball in the most awkward positions. Flexibly helps the player to kick the ball in those positions more effectively. Weight Training: all around weight training makes a soccer player even better. A stronger body helps prevent injury and improve all around performance. Practice Drills help the soccer player be more skillful and a better player. There are many drills that can be done. Drills like dribbling to head butting are often used. Some of these drills include: Practicing kicking the ball is a very important and often done drill. To practice the player will kick the ball into the net. Often there is a goalie that they try to score on. Kicking is the most important skill in soccer. Practicing will make your kick stronger and more controllable. Passing is also a very important skill. One drill that can be done is to run side by side with another player and pass the ball back and forth. This skill will improve your passing and receiving skills. Passing is also vital in the game of soccer. Heading is one of the only ways to legally hit the ball when it high in the air. With another player heading can be practiced. One player throws the ball high over top of the other player. The player then will jump up and hit the ball with his forehead and try to control the ball. Heading is very hard and often lots of practice is required. Control of the ball is also very important. By setting up pylons in any order and distance and weaving through them in a pattern like formation can improve your control of the ball. Trying to go quick can also improve your speed of running while dribbling a ball. One on one practice improves both your dribbling and tackling. With two players one is given the ball and must keep the ball away from the other player. While one player is improving his faking and dribbling the other is practicing his defense and tackling. When this drill is done often it can improve your offense as well as defense. Soccer can be done in many age groups. Children often play the sport in school as early as elementary school. Many adults also play the sport. Seniors rarely play soccer because of the easiness it is for them to get injured. Soccer is often very demanding. Soccer for many kids can be very fun. Most children dont think of soccer as work and often enjoy playing soccer. Adults also sometimes find soccer fun and even some adults have careers in the area as a professional soccer player. Soccer is very valuable in obtaining life long fitness. Soccer can be a very demanding sport. Soccer can improve your cardiovascular fitness as well as strength and flexibility. All the physical conditioning and practice drills are very important in keeping fit. Soccer players are able to be healthy and strong because of the physical involvement.

Young Goodman Brown :: essays research papers

In 'Young Goodman Brown,'; Hawthorne makes the reader believe that Goodman Brown has learned that truth about the world and how evil it really is. In the story the accounts of Goodman Brown let you believe that he has truly seen the evil in the world and knows what lurks behind everybody masks. He makes you realize that even though the person may look holy and religious that evilness is all around us and most people will never ever find out the truth. The character Young Goodman Brown written by Nathaniel Hawthorne finds many issues of evil concerning the town's people in which he lives, about himself, and the reality behind the evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story 'Young Goodman Brown'; Goodman Brown learns about evil in the towns people and how what he thought was the truth is really not. When Goodman Brown starts his voyage he knew what he was going in the woods to do, what he didn't realize is that the same reason he went to the woods was the same reason as the towns people. When Goodman encounters Goody Cloyse in the woods he is shocked that he sees her out there 'A marvel, truly, that Goody Cloyse should be so far in the wilderness at night fall.';(Hawthorne 98) When he learns of her travels and of how she is acquainted with the old man he is in disbelieve that a women that taught him religion is evil. When Goody asks the old man for a hand to take her to a communion he offers her cane and throws it down when it hits the ground it turns alive and Goody Close disappears. Leading you to believe that she is just an imagination to get Brown to believe in the evil. Goodman Brown also sees other town's members i n the woods such as highly respected people such as Deacon Gookin, and even his wife Faith. When Brown learns of Faith participating in this gathering in the woods he is distraught he loses his mind and goes crazy. Goodman brown learns valuable lessons in the woods about his town and the people and about the world. His journey changed the way he looked at things when he awoke from that night his feelings towards the people changed he believed that everybody is evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goodman Brown learns many things about himself when he takes that journey into the woods, among many if his faith.

Child Abuse and Neglect

This paper will discuss child abuse and neglect and the lasting effects left on a child. The main types of abuse and neglect explained are emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, medical neglect, educational neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Included are some warning signs of these different types of abuse and neglect and the legal definitions of each. It is important to understand that all of these forms of abuse and neglect are different and contain varying symptoms, signs, and effects.In addition, the paper discusses uggestions on how to mediate some of these forms of abuse and neglect, including better reporting programs and better parental education. With each different form of abuse and neglect children are left with a multitude of problems and obstacles to face in the future. Throughout the paper and use of statistics, it is evident that child abuse and neglect is a much more serious problem than most of the public is aware.Child Abu se and Neglect A Review of the Literature Between 1,460 and 2,555 children die every year due to child abuse and neglect; meaning that on average, between four and seven children die daily. In a classroom of 20 children, 13 will have been abused or neglected (Childhelp, 2013). These statistics should be shocking to anyone. Child abuse and neglect is an extremely understated problem in American society.The federal definition of child abuse and neglect is â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation† or â€Å"an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 93). Although this is the set definition, there can be different variations of t depending on specific state laws. Child abuse and neglect occur in many varying forms and do not always appear in the same manner.Some types of abuse and neglect include emotio nal abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, educational neglect, medical neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. This paper will discuss the signs of these various forms of child abuse and neglect as well as provide insight to the effects on children. Emotional Abuse Emotional and psychological abuse of children is one of the most commonly overlooked forms of abuse (American Humane Association, 2013).This may be due to the fact that there is no physical abuse occurring for people to notice. Also, not as many people know that emotional and psychological child abuse is happening. One of the biggest problems with forms of emotional and psychological abuse it that it is almost impossible to detect while it is occurring. Often times, it is not noticed until much later in a child's life. Emotional abuse is something that most people have experienced in their lifetime, but not to an extreme extent.Some examples of emotional abuse include â€Å"constant belittli ng, shaming, and humiliating a child, name alling, making negative comparisons to others, frequent yelling, threatening, or bullying, ignoring or rejecting a child as a punishment, and limited physical contact (hugs or kisses)† (Smith, 2013). Parents discipline their children in different ways and have varying methods of punishment, but to constantly belittle or threaten one's child is something much different. This type of abuse is a very painful one for children to experience because they often blame themselves and wonder why their parents are treating them this way.Emotional abuse can lead to impairments in hildren's emotional development and their sense of well-being. Psychological Abuse Along with emotional abuse, psychological abuse can be Just as harmful. Psychological abuse is more of a game of power, where parents control their children and make them believe, for example, that they are worthless. This leads to serious psychological problems and can cause many disorder s such as â€Å"anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or aggressive behavior† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 96).To some parents, using the old saying, â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones but words can never hurt me† is ustification enough for this type of abuse. Most parents do not understand that their children are not able to handle ridicule and harassment as well as adults. To children, having their parents make comments to them can affect their psyche for the rest of their lives. In at least one study, â€Å"about 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria for at least one psychological disorder† (Childhelp, 2013).Many parents who do abuse their children emotionally or psychologically believe that it is not abuse because they are making them stronger and preparing them for eople who will be mean and hurtful to them in the future. However, these parents are leaving their children with damaged mental health and social development problems that can l eave lifelong scars on their children. Physical Abuse Physical and sexual abuse of a child can leave these same psychological scars, but are also accompanied by physical scars as well. It is estimated that â€Å"more than 90% of Juvenile sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator in some way' (Childhelp, 2013).Children are vulnerable to this type of abuse because they trust the people ho are supposed to take care of them and look after them, making it extremely easy for their caretakers to take advantage of them. Physical abuse is generally defined as â€Å"any non-accidental physical injury to the child and can include striking, stabbing, kicking, burning, or biting the child, or any action that results in a physical impairment or death of a child such as shaking or throwing† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 100). Regarding physical abuse, many parents defend their abuse and claim that it is a form of discipline for the child.These parents do not understand the difference etween discip line and abuse, which can often indicate that they were disciplined the same way. Some signs of physical abuse in children are: â€Å"frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or cuts; injuries that have a pattern, such as a belt or hand; shies away from touch; seems afraid to go home; flinches at sudden movements; and a child who is always on alert for something bad to happen† (Smith, 2013). Physical abuse can go unnoticed for long periods of time because children can cover up their scars or hide their injuries, but most of the time, it is bound to be discovered.Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse, however, is not as noticeable as physical abuse. Sexual abuse can be defined as â€Å"the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual deception of such conduct† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 101). This type of abuse is not as much about love and intimacy, but more about power and control.Children who are sexually abused are often under the control of their attacker and have trouble finding way out of the abusive situation. Some signs to look for in children who are sexually abused are: â€Å"trouble walking or sitting; displaying knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate to his/her age, or even seductive behavior; making strong efforts to avoid a specific person; not wanting to change clothes in front of others or participate in physical activities; having an STD or being pregnant; or a child running away from home† (Smith, 2013).Most children who are sexual abused are abused by someone they know and love and often times, they do not know that this type of buse is wrong. The abusers in the situation will brainwash the children and make the abuse seem normal, or they will threaten the child into submission and make them keep the abuse a secret. Sexual abuse in child ren can lead to significant psychological and physical problems for them later in life, and these children often suffer from guilt and shame throughout their life as a result of this abuse.Educational Neglect Cases of child neglect differ from cases of abuse, but only in their execution, not their outcome for the child. According to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System â€Å"of the approximately 899,000 children in the United States who were victims of abuse and neglect in 2005, 62. 8 percent (564,765 children) suffered from neglect alone, including medical neglect† (American Humane Association, 2013). A fact that many people do not know it that educational neglect is one of the fastest growing types of child neglect and is punishable by law.This neglect is not referring to parents who cannot get their children to go to school because they run away or lies about going, this neglect is referring to the parents who do not make any effort to nroll their children in s chool or give them the mean to stay in school. This neglect can include â€Å"permitted chronic truancy, failure to enroll or other truancy, and inattention to special education need† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 98).One important aspect of this type ot neglect are the parents who tail to accept that their chil d nas an educational special need and should be placed in alternative classrooms or children who have learning disabilities. Education is important for children in their growth and development, and it is required by law that they must attend school until the age f 16 (public, private, homeschooled, or otherwise). Those parents who do not make education a part of their children lives are hurting them Just as much as if they were physically abusing or neglecting them.Education can predict the outcome of children's lives. Medical Neglect Another common form of neglect is medical neglect which can be characterized as â€Å"failing to provide any special medical treatment or mental health care need by the child† or â€Å"the withholding of medical treatment or nutrition from disabled infants with life-threatening conditions† (Gosselin, 2013, p. 99). This is a very serious form of eglect and is often seen in parents who do not take their children to the hospital or doctors when they are feeling ill or have broken bones.Some parents believe that time will heal wounds, or they think that herbal medicines can cure diseases Just as well as other medicines. There are, however, cases of parents who do not take their children to receive medical attention because they are the ones who inflicted the pain on their children. That case would turn into a form of abuse and neglect and is often seen together. Concerning medical neglect, it is important to understand that hildren need to receive yearly check-ups by doctors to get immunizations and tests done to ensure that the child is healthy.Parents who refuse to, or think they do not have the means to take the ir children to the doctors, hospital or urgent care facility are at risk for possibly killing their own children. It is seen more often in medical neglect cases that parents who did not take their children to these facilities were afraid of going to Jail because they causes the injuries to the child. Emotional Neglect Others forms of neglect include emotional and physical neglect.Emotional neglect can be categorized under circumstances including: â€Å"exposure to chronic or extreme intimate partner violence, permitting drug or alcohol use, or having a delay in psychological care† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 98). Emotional neglect to a child is one of the most painful aspects of neglect. When a parent ignores and terrorizes a child or does not want him or her anymore, they are neglecting the child and leaving him or her with emotional walls. It is not easy for children to understand why their parents are doing this, or what they did to deserve this type of punishment.If parents canno t provide their children with adequate care such as psychological help or counseling and instead are encouraging them to drink alcohol and smoke illegal substances, then these people should not be parents. Regarding emotional neglect, it is important to understand that not emotionally supporting children can make them unable to form proper relationships later in life. Physical Neglect In addition to emotional neglect, children face a great deal of physical neglect from their parents.Physical neglect accounts for the majority of cases of maltreatment Healy, 2013). Maltreatment occurs when children injure themselves or are faced with severe malnutrition as a result of a parent or caretaker. Physical neglect involves: â€Å"the failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, hygiene, protection, or supervision† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 99). It can also include â€Å"child abandonment, inadequate supervision, rejection of a child leading to expulsion from the home and tailure to adequately provide tor the child's satety and physical and emotional needs† (Healy, 2013).Physical neglect is different from physical abuse because nstead of people inflicting pain on children, they are causing pain by ignoring them or not giving them everything they need to survive. These forms of neglect can harm children Just as much as the forms of abuse can, and all of them leave lasting scars. With physical neglect, parents often do not provide their children with their basic needs. Children not only need love and support, they also need food, clothing, and shelter. The main aspect lacking in child care regarding all of these forms of abuse and neglect are reporting programs and parental education.If there were more nhanced programs for people to report these forms of abuse and neglect, the statistics would most likely decrease significantly. Children do not know how to report abuse or neglect can often Just keep quiet, and the people they do report to do not always kno w the correct measures to take. It is important to educate not only our children, teachers, and the general public, but also parents. If parents were more educated in how to care for a child, or what is acceptable and not acceptable to do, these forms of abuse and neglect would also decrease.Parents who exhibit abuse or eglect on their children often claim that they did not know what they were doing was wrong and they did not think there was a problem with their forms of discipline. Everyone needs to be more educated on this topic and it is important to catch this abuse and neglect at the earliest stage possible to decrease the lasting effects on the child. Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse is any act that endangers a child’s physical or emotional health and development. Child abuse and neglect can take place anywhere. The child often knows the abuser well a parent, relative, babysitter, or friend of the family. Child abuse and neglect crosses all ethnic, racial, social, and economic lines This book talks and expresses the examinations of child neglect in families and its relevance to research, policy and practice in the field of services to children and their families. The authors chose to explore this subject because child neglect is an over looked area of child welfare practice. Families neglect their children almost twice as frequently as they abuse their children. The four major types of maltreatment are physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Some states also specify substance abuse or abandonment by the caretaker as an element of abuse or neglect. Although any of the forms of child maltreatment may be found separately, they often occur in combination. The most recent statements and research indicate that 860,000 children were victims of abuse and neglect in the year 2006. The consequences of neglect to children are at least as serious as the consequences of abuse. Referring back to the article statement â€Å"In 2003 1,200 children died of abuse and neglect†. These fatalities were most often the result of neglect only. According to the article 685 of child fatalities due to maltreatment involved child neglect, as compared to 50% that involved. The focus of those working in the field like Child Protective Services, affiliated agencies that can take full custody and etc. In addition because of lack of information and investigations children are maltreatment have been on abuse, due to neglected children and their families and even fatal. It is the intention of the authors to present a comprehensive view of the current state regarding child neglect issues and to offer a rationale for directing focus to this overlooked and disregarded aspect of family relationships. It is time to refocus on these families, both to assist in healing these families and given the relationship between neglect and poverty. Author Cynthia Crosson-Tower, Ph. D My Thoughts I think child abuse is worst thing a child can experience because it scars them for life. Children should be protected and loved. Sadly, this is not lways the case, millions of children are abused every year thousands will die from the abuse. The various types of abuse and neglect are never ceasing, only growing. Just like in the article families are neglecting their children twice as much as the abuse. This very shocking and shameless. Many end up being abusers themselves, or try to kill the pain with drugs and alcohol. How many kids need to commit suicide before this count ry finally stands up and says enough. The number of children sexually abused physically abused neglected or murdered is astounding. I read couple of more articles about child abuse and online sexual predators. Whether it is physical or mental, abuse is wrong. Parents who abuse children should stop and take the time to get help because the child will suffer in the end. Many children in this world die or become emotionally unstable because of abuse in the home. Only half of the victims report the abuse to authorities or family members. After all, who will stand up for those who cannot stand up for themselves? We should all report any case of child abuse that we witness this way we can be saving lives. It is our responsibility to put an end to child abuse because child abuse is simply wrong, unethical, and should not be done.

Inflation Effecting Stock Market Prices Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1866 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This paper explains why the nominal level of share prices has failed to rise during a decade of substantial inflation. Many researches were conducted to demonstrate and explain the relationship between inflation and stocks returns and price earnings ratios. However this study is to look at how inflation impacts the overall stock market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inflation Effecting Stock Market Prices Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This study is concerned with the structural relationship between stock market and the inflation. This paper explains why the nominal level of share prices has failed to rise during a decade of substantial inflation. The key to the explanation is the features of the current U.S. tax laws, especially historic cost depreciation and the taxation of nominal capital gains that cause the effective rate of tax or corporate source income to rise when there is a higher rate of inflation. The current analysis shows that to understand the structural relation between inflation and share prices it is crucial to note that a high 9on~tant rate of inflation leaves the price-earnings ratio unchanged while an increase in the rate of inflation depresses the price-earnings ratio. The higher nominal interest rates that accompany inflation actually represent lower real net-of-tax yields on alternative assets for most investors. The current analysis takes this into account in determining the share price. The main focus of the paper uses a stock valuation model to derive the share demands of investors in different tax situations and then calculates the share value that achieves market equilibrium. Numerical calculations illustrate the analysis with a representative individual and a representative tax-exempt institutional investor. In this paper the analysis was conducted in the following area and then overall conclusion was drawn. 1) The effect of inflation on the demand prices of the shares. 2) A Market Equilibrium Model of Share Valuation. 3) Inflation and the Market Equilibrium Share Value. After analysis the conclusion was that the higher rate of inflation causes a significant reduction in the ratio of share prices to real earnings per share. From equilibrium analysis it was also observed that the ratio of share prices to real earnings is capable to fall if the demand price of each share for some individuals is in reality increased by the effect of inflation. The Adjustment of Stock Prices to Information about Inflation The paper analyzes how stock prices behave in response to the news about Inflation. Relationship between inflation and common stock return is studied widely by researchers. For instance Nelson, Bodie, Jaffe and Mandelker and Fama and Schwert they all represent an evidence that there is negative relationship between the stock prices and both the unexpected and expected inflation rate since 1953 they all used monthly returns of broad group of the New York Stock Exchange common stock. The basic idea of this paper is actually extension of the previous studies. The researcher extended the previous idea and modified it by using the daily returns of the common stocks and taking in consideration both the announcement of CPI inflation rate increase and decrease. If the unexpected inflation is bad news for the stock market, and if the announcement of CPI contains new information about inflation, if the unexpected inflation news is regarding increase of inflation rate than this news will be associated with the decrease of stock price, if the unexpected inflation news is about the deflation than the news will be associated with the increase of the stock prices. If the monthly data is used than there is a lag of more than a month between the data is collected and the actual CPI is announced to the general public. The researcher used the daily common stock returns in order to test whether the stock market reacts at the time the when the actual CPI is announced or at the time when the price data is being collected, if there is any kind of reaction. Methodologies which were used by researchers varied from researcher or researcher, different models were used by different researchers to predict the unexpected inflation these models include: Nelson and Bodie used extrapolative time series model to predict inflation. Jaffe and Mandelker and Fama and Schwert followed Fama using short-term interest rate as a predictor of inflation. The researcher used Famas model to measure the unexpected inflation for the purpose of this study. For the assurance that the results are not distorted due to the choice of the model which is used all the tests are replicated again and using time series model to estimate the unexpected inflation. For the purpose of this research the data which is used is the daily returns of Standards and Poors composite portfolio from the year 1953 to year 1978. Variables of the model which was used are given below: The daily continuously compounded rate of return on Standard and Poors composite portfolio Dummy variable for the day of the week. Monthly Treasury bill rate measured at the end of the month. Measure of expected inflation rate using Famas model The announcement date of unexpected inflation rate. The findings of the paper remained that the stock market do reacts to the unexpected inflation when the CPI is actually announced; one of the strange findings was that the stock market do not react to the unexpected inflation when actually CPI is sampled, in reality several weeks before the announcement of that results to the general public. The finding remained that the stock market reacts to the information but not to the actual increase in inflation when actually this is happening. The Effects of Inflation News on High Frequency Stock Returns July 1999 The paper examines how stocks respond to unanticipated news regarding macroeconomic conditions i.e. Inflation. There are four basic questions to be answered by findings of the research the four questions are: Does news about inflation impacts stock return. Reasons behind weak link between stocks and CPI news. Reasons for insignificant link between small stock and PPI Inflation news. What is the intensity of response to the inflation news? The theoretical and empirical models which are used to answer these questions are based upon the idea that stock prices are influenced by economic announcements like if the new information affects the either the expected dividends or the expected discount rates, or the both. The new information is the difference between announced value of the inflation at t+1 time and the anticipated value of inflation at time t. in early times many researches were done on this area but in this paper the data which is used to analyze is based on monthly expected and actual inflation. In prior studies the daily data was used. The sample data for Producer Price Index (PPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used from January 1983 to December 1995. The stock equally- weighted common stock portfolio returns are used which were created from Institute for the Study of Securities Markets (ISSM) Transactions Databases (years 1983 to 1992) and from the New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE) Trade and Quote (TAQ) database (years 1993 to 1995). Five different regressions were ran initially for knowing the coefficients of the variables after that the results were checked against the Null Hypothesis. PPI had negative correlation with the stock returns and the results for CPI are surprising that the relationship between CPI and the Stock Returns is statistically insignificant. The research mentioned that those who investigate the stock returns on daily return basis will miss the link between stocks and inflation. To test the impact of inflation on different sizes of the stock the researcher used the following methodology. The results were different for the different sizes of the stock the large stocks had more and clear response to the news regarding inflation as the size of the stock is reduced the link started becoming meaningless when the stock size is reduced to very low the relationship became insignificant and at extreme the signs which came were completely useless. The conclusion answered the questions of the researcher that there is strong relationship between the unanticipated inflation (news) and the intra-day stock returns. Yes there is strong relationship between Producer Price Index (PPI) news and the stock returns however there is weak relationship between Consumer Price Index (CPI) news and the stock returns. The relationship was of inverse and the relationship was significant for large stocks and insignificant for small stocks. Answer to the second question is that as PPI is forecasted and availability of PPI news, CPI news is less frequent and most of times it is not available there the link between CPI and stock returns is weak. The response of the stock to the news takes 15 minutes to respond to the news regarding inflation The Relationship between Stock Returns and Inflation In Four European Markets Summary This paper examined the effects of both expected and unexpected inflation on real stock returns for four different European countries i.e. France, Germany, Italy, and the U.K. The literature has the evidence that there exists a negative relationship between these two variables i.e. Inflation and real stock returns, as it is evidence from the studies of Nelson, Fama and Schwert. On the other side of the picture few researchers argued strong positive relationship between inflation and the nominal returns on the stock i.e. Boudoukh and Richardson. While at the same time the other researcher claimed: either no relationship Rapach (2002) or others evidenced a little relationship Shiller (1992). This is the summary of the literature which was mentioned in the paper. This paper examines the relationship between real stock returns and expected and expected inflation in four different European countries, however it is assumed that all the European markets are homogenous in nature. This paper is unique in the sense that it examines the relationship between both the expected and unexpected inflation. The technique which is used in this paper is also different from those which were used in the previous papers. Four different equations were used for different variables i.e. inflation, interest rate and economic growth, all these equations are estimated using the Box-Jenkins Methodology. First these parameters are estimated and then another equation is used to gauge the impact of these variables on real stock returns. The methodology which is used is to simultaneously estimation with full information maximum likelihood. Data which was used for this analysis is obtained from International Financial Statistics and OECD CD-ROM. Quarterly data was analyzed from the first quarter of 1975 to first quarter of 2001. Now the results portion of the paper: unexpected inflation and unexpected interest rates were statistically significant for three countries and had significant impact on real stock returns. France, Italy and U.K. are affected by both unexpected inflation and unexpected interest rates. The remaining variables had no significant impact on the real stock returns for these three countries. However in Germany none of the variables turned out to be significant. The summary of the findings is that the real stock return does not respond to expected inflation but they do respond to unexpected inflation. Inflation shocks have no impact on real stocks returns but stocks do respond to these shocks in the manner which were mentioned in the literature. Finally stock returns do not tend to respond to economic growth or even shocks to economic growth.